Amount of air that can be dissolved in water - decreases with temperature and increases with pressure
The amount of air that can be dissolved in water increases with pressure and decreases with temperature.
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Deaeration
When fresh water is heated up air bubbles start to form. The water can obviously not hold the dissolved air with increased temperature. At 100 oC (212 oF) water starts to boil - the bubbles are formed by evaporated water or steam. If the water is cooled down and then again reheated, bubbles will not appear until the water starts to boil. The water is deaerated.
Solubility Ratio
Solubility of air in water can be expressed as a solubility ratio:
Sa = ma / mw (1)
where
Sa = solubility ratio
ma = mass of air (lbm, kg)
mw = mass of water (lbm, kg)
Sa = solubility ratio
ma = mass of air (lbm, kg)
mw = mass of water (lbm, kg)
Henry's Law
Solubility of air in water follows Henry's Law - 'the amount of air dissolved in a fluid is proportional to the pressure in the system' - and can be expressed as:
c = pg / kH (2)
where
c= solubility of dissolved gas
kH= proportionality constant depending on the nature of the gas and the solvent
pg= partial pressure of gas (Pa, psi)
c= solubility of dissolved gas
kH= proportionality constant depending on the nature of the gas and the solvent
pg= partial pressure of gas (Pa, psi)
The solubility of oxygen in water is higher than the solubility of nitrogen. Air dissolved in water contains approximately 35.6% oxygen compared to 21% in air.
Solubility of Air in Water
Solubility of air in water - expressed as ratio of absorbed air volume to water volume:
Solubility (vair/vwater) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature (oF) | Gauge Pressure (psig) | |||||
0 | 20 | 40 | 60 | 80 | 100 | |
40 | 0.0258 | 0.0613 | 0.0967 | 0.1321 | 0.1676 | 0.2030 |
50 | 0.0223 | 0.0529 | 0.0836 | 0.1143 | 0.1449 | 0.1756 |
60 | 0.0197 | 0.0469 | 0.0742 | 0.1014 | 0.1296 | 0.1559 |
70 | 0.0177 | 0.0423 | 0.0669 | 0.0916 | 0.1162 | 0.1408 |
80 | 0.0161 | 0.0387 | 0.0614 | 0.0840 | 0.1067 | 0.1293 |
90 | 0.0147 | 0.0358 | 0.0569 | 0.0780 | 0.0990 | 0.1201 |
100 | 0.0136 | 0.0334 | 0.0532 | 0.0730 | 0.0928 | 0.1126 |
110 | 0.0126 | 0.0314 | 0.0501 | 0.0689 | 0.0877 | 0.1065 |
120 | 0.0117 | 0.0296 | 0.0475 | 0.0654 | 0.0833 | 0.1012 |
130 | 0.0107 | 0.0280 | 0.0452 | 0.0624 | 0.0796 | 0.0968 |
140 | 0.0098 | 0.0265 | 0.0432 | 0.0598 | 0.0765 | 0.0931 |
150 | 0.0089 | 0.0251 | 0.0413 | 0.0574 | 0.0736 | 0.0898 |
160 | 0.0079 | 0.0237 | 0.0395 | 0.0553 | 0.0711 | 0.0869 |
170 | 0.0068 | 0.0223 | 0.0378 | 0.0534 | 0.0689 | 0.0844 |
180 | 0.0055 | 0.0208 | 0.0361 | 0.0514 | 0.0667 | 0.0820 |
190 | 0.0041 | 0.0192 | 0.0344 | 0.0496 | 0.0647 | 0.0799 |
200 | 0.0024 | 0.0175 | 0.0326 | 0.0477 | 0.0628 | 0.0779 |
210 | 0.0004 | 0.0155 | 0.0306 | 0.0457 | 0.0607 | 0.0758 |
Example - Air Dissolved in Water
The amount of air dissolved in water - mass of air to volume/mass of water - can be calculated with Henry's law.
Henry Law's Constants at a system temperature of 25oC (77oF)
- Oxygen - O2 : 756.7 atm/(mol/litre)
- Nitrogen - N2 : 1600 atm/(mol/litre)
Molar Weights
- Oxygen - O2 : 31.9988 g/mol
- Nitrogen - N2 : 28.0134 g/mol
Partial fraction in Air
- Oxygen - O2 : ~ 0.21
- Nitrogen - N2 : ~ 0.79
Oxygen dissolved in the Water at atmospheric pressure can be calculated as:
co = (1 atm) 0.21 / (756.7 atm/(mol/litre)) (31.9988 g/mol)
=0.0089 g/litre
~ 0.0089 g/kg Pillars of eternity 3 0 5.
Nitrogen dissolved in the Water at atmospheric pressure can be calculated as:
cn = (1 atm) 0.79 / (1600 atm/(mol/litre)) (28.0134 g/mol)
=0.0138 g/litre
Pacifist 3 5 9 download free. ~ 0.0138 g/kg
Since air mainly consists of Nitrogen and Oxygen - the air dissolved in the water can be calculated as:
ca =(0.0089 g/litre) + (0.0138 g/litre)
= 0.0227 g/litre
~ 0.023 g/kg
Calculating the air dissolved in water for some other pressures at temperature 25oC (77oF) can be summarized to:
Pressure, abs (atm) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
Dissolved Air in Water (25oC) (g/kg) | 0.023 | 0.045 | 0.068 | 0.091 | 0.114 | 0.136 |
Dissolved Oxygen in Fresh Water
Deaeration
For maximum deaeration the water should be heated up to 212 oF (100 oC) at atmospheric pressure. Shred 1 2 6 equals. This is common in steam systems where fresh water is supplied to the system through a heated deaeration tower on the top of the condensate receiver tank.
It is also common to install deaeration devices on the hot sides of heat exchangers in heating distribution systems to force the dissolved air out of the system.
Note! Since the maximum deaeration is limited by the minimum static pressure and maximum temperature in the system - the best deaeration result is achieved in positions at the hottest and highest levels of the systems - and/or at the suction side of pumps.
Related Topics
- Material Properties - Material properties for gases, fluids and solids - densities, specific heats, viscosities and more
Related Documents
- Air - Composition and Molecular Weight - Dry air is a mechanical mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, argon and several other gases in minor amounts
- Air - Density at varying pressure and constant temperatures - Figures and tables showing changes in air density at pressure varying from 1 to 10 000 bara (14.5 - 145000 psi) and constant, selected temperatures. Figures are given in different scales.
- Air - Density, Specific Weight and Thermal Expansion Coefficient at Varying Temperature and Constant Pressures - Online calculator, figures and tables showing density, specific weight and thermal expansion coefficient of air at temperatures ranging -100 to 1600 °C (-140 to 2900 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units
- Air - Diffusion Coefficients of Gases in Excess of Air - Diffusion coefficients, D12, for gases in large excess of air at temperature varying from 0 - 400 °C
- Air - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity - Online calculator, figures and tables showing dynamic (absolute) and kinematic viscosity of air at temperatures ranging from -100 to 1600°C (-150 to 2900°F) at pressure ranging from 1 to 10 000 bara (14.5 - 145000 psia) - SI and Imperial Units
- Air - Prandtl Number - Figures and table showing changes in Prandtl number for air with changes in temperature and pressure
- Air - Properties at Gas-Liquid Equilibrium Conditions - Figures and tables showing how the properties of air changes along the boiling and condensation curves (temperature and pressure between triple point and critical point conditions). An air phase diagram are also given.
- Air - Specific Heat at Constant Temperature and Varying Pressure - Figures and table showing isobaric (Cp) and isochoric (Cv) specific heat of air at constant temperature and varying pressure ranging 0.01 to 10000 bara
- Air - Thermal Conductivity - Online calculator, figures and tables showing air thermal conductivity at varying temperature and pressure, SI and imperial units.
- Air - Thermal Diffusivity - Figures and tables showing dry air thermal diffusivity at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units
- Feed Water Treatment to Avoid Corrosion - Make-up water to steam boilers should be treated with oxygen scavengers to avoid serious corrosion problems
- Oxygen - Density and Specific Weight - Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of oxygen, O2, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units
- Oxygen - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity - Online calculator, figures and tables showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of oxygen, O2, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units
- Oxygen - Solubility in Fresh Water and Seawater - Solubility of oxygen in equilibration with air in fresh water and seawater (salt water) - pressures ranging 1 - 4 bar abs
- Oxygen - Thermophysical properties - Chemical, Physical and Thermal Properties of Oxygen - O2
- Oxygen Gas - Specific Heat - Specific heat of Oxygen Gas - O2 - at temperatures ranging 175 - 6000 K
- Total Dissolved Solids - TDS - In a boiler generating steam impurities from the feedwater will concentrate in the boiling water
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…16For the Lord Himself will descend from heaven with a loud command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the trumpet of God, and the dead in Christ will be the first to rise. 1718Therefore encourage one another with these words.…
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In my vision in the night I continued to watch, and I saw One like a Son of Man coming with the clouds of heaven. He approached the Ancient of Days and was led into His presence.
John 12:26
If anyone serves Me, he must follow Me; and where I am, My servant will be as well. If anyone serves Me, the Father will honor him.
Acts 1:9
After He had said this, they watched as He was taken up, and a cloud hid Him from their sight.
1 Corinthians 15:52
in an instant, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet. For the trumpet will sound, the dead will be raised imperishable, and we will be changed.
2 Corinthians 12:2
I know a man in Christ who fourteen years ago was caught up to the third heaven. Whether it was in the body or out of it I do not know, but God knows.
2 Corinthians 12:4
was caught up into Paradise. The things he heard were too sacred for words, things that man is not permitted to tell.
1 Thessalonians 3:13
so that He may establish your hearts in blamelessness and holiness before our God and Father at the coming of our Lord Jesus with all His saints. Amen.
1 Thessalonians 4:18
Therefore encourage one another with these words.
1 Thessalonians 5:10
He died for us so that, whether we are awake or asleep, we may live together with Him.
Revelation 1:7
Behold, He is coming with the clouds, and every eye will see Him--even those who pierced Him. And all the tribes of the earth will mourn because of Him. So shall it be! Amen.
Revelation 11:12
And the witnesses heard a loud voice from heaven saying, 'Come up here.' And they went up to heaven in a cloud as their enemies watched them.
Then we which are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air: and so shall we ever be with the Lord.
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For this we say unto you by the word of the Lord, that we which are alive and remain unto the coming of the Lord shall not prevent them which are asleep.
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1 Corinthians 15:52
In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump: for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed.
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caught.
1 Kings 18:12
And it shall come to pass, as soon as I am gone from thee, that the Spirit of the LORD shall carry thee whither I know not; and so when I come and tell Ahab, and he cannot find thee, he shall slay me: but I thy servant fear the LORD from my youth.
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Jesus saith unto him, Thou hast said: nevertheless I say unto you, Hereafter shall ye see the Son of man sitting on the right hand of power, and coming in the clouds of heaven.
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Mark 14:62
And Jesus said, I am: and ye shall see the Son of man sitting on the right hand of power, and coming in the clouds of heaven.
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And when he had spoken these things, while they beheld, he was taken up; and a cloud received him out of their sight.
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and so.
Psalm 16:11
Thou wilt shew me the path of life: in thy presence is fulness of joy; at thy right hand there are pleasures for evermore.
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But God will redeem my soul from the power of the grave: for he shall receive me. Selah.
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